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La métropolisation en Bretagne Fracture ou dynamique territoriale ? Regard d'Espérance
Y aurait-il forcément des gagnants et des perdants? Aujourd’hui, le développement de grandes villes et leur prééminence sur le reste des territoires au travers du processus de «métropolisation» suscitent débats et controverses et ne manquent pas d’inquiéter, en Bretagne comme ailleurs, certains acteurs qui observent ou subissent ce phénomène.
Sous-jacentes, plusieurs interrogations apparaissent : Ces métropoles irriguent-elles ou assèchent-elles les territoires qui les entourent ? Certains seraient-ils condamnés à devenir de plus en plus périphériques, à s’effacer, voire à disparaître, faute de correspondre aux canons d’une nouvelle «donne économique mondiale» ? Et en Bretagne où déjà des fractures existent, qu’en est-il ?
À entendre certains discours, le processus de métropolisation qui aujourd’hui est le reflet d’un monde qui change en s’urbanisant, serait incompatible avec l’idée que d’autres territoires (ruraux notamment) puissent trouver leur place et entrer dans une trajectoire de développement commune, mais pas forcément identique, choisie et non subie.
Non à l’opposition ville-campagne !
Depuis plusieurs décennies, les tenants du développement local insistent sur l’importance de ne pas nier les singularités des territoires, ni de les contraindre à abandonner les valeurs auxquelles ils croient. Postulant, au contraire, de la nécessité de rechercher un développement qui valorise au mieux les spécificités de chacun, ils ont montré l’importance de la mise en place d’une organisation, associant divers acteurs et niveaux de décisions, mettant en avant l’importance d’une coopération intelligente et adaptative, pour relever les défis dans un environnement changeant.
Telle est la ligne dans laquelle doit aujourd’hui se situer le débat sur les enjeux de la métropolisation: en termes de dynamique co-construite et de projets de développement certes divers, mais partagés et complémentaires. C’est pourquoi, le prisme visant à opposer monde rural et urbain, villes et campagnes, se doit aujourd’hui d’être dépassé et remplacé par une approche bien plus constructive et bénéfique, en termes de liens et de complémentarités et non dans une logique de dominant à dominé !
Il n’est qu’à regarder la réalité des échanges et interactions (flux de personnes, de matières ou dynamique de l’habitat) entre ces deux mondes pour constater que les frontières sont de plus en plus ténues… et les intérêts et enjeux conjoints importants.
Une région riche de ses diversités !
Bien entendu, il ne s’agit nullement de nier qu’il existe aujourd’hui de vraies fractures territoriales, parfois même de réelles inégalités et iniquités de développement. Certaines métropoles en France, telle Toulouse, dominent, pour ne pas dire écrasent les territoires qui les entourent; et semblent parfois se développer au détriment, ou du moins sans se soucier, de «leurs territoires» régionaux proches. Mais si ce type de «métropolisation off-shore» existe, cela n’implique nullement qu’il devienne la règle et encore moins l’exemple à suivre !
On comprend dès lors les nombreuses craintes émises par des acteurs des «territoires périphériques» face à certains discours aujourd’hui prônant davantage la performance macro-territoriale et visant à concentrer les moyens financiers sur les métropoles pour en faire des moteurs de la croissance… ne se préoccupant nullement des inégalités territoriales et de leurs conséquences !
N’y aurait-il pas une alternative, une autre voie possible, une métropolisation «heureuse» des territoires ? Le cas de la Bretagne, qui aujourd’hui dans ses frontières administratives possède deux métropoles «Maptam» pourrait, en cela, s’avérer un exemple non dénué d’enseignements.
Car l’affirmation, par la loi du 27 janvier 2014, de la présence en son sein de deux métropoles ne saurait faire oublier à la Bretagne ses autres richesses, voire contingences territoriales : son ossature ou réseau de villes moyennes, à dominante côtière, mais aussi son maillage de petites villes et bourgs ruraux, qui structurent encore largement un paysage agricole, où l’agroalimentaire demeure toujours pourvoyeur d’emplois, d’activités, de richesses. Et ce, en dépit d’une déprise ou transformation d’un monde paysan qui a, ces dernières années, sévèrement mis à mal certains territoires centraux !
Brest ne se développera pas seule !
Dès lors, la métropolisation de la péninsule armoricaine pourrait paraître une gageure, voire une nouvelle étape dans la fracturation de ses territoires, se résumant à l’émergence à ses extrémités de deux «phares» urbains que des infrastructures de transport, notamment, relieraient entre eux, offrant peu ou prou à d’autres «spots» ou villes moyennes l’opportunité de s’arrimer ou de bénéficier de quelques effets de diffusion de cette dynamique métropolitaine.
Or la réalité, sans être idyllique, est autre, singulièrement dans la partie occidentale. À l’Est, Rennes concentre voire phagocyte bien des pouvoirs et activités économiques, et cela est inquiétant pour les territoires avoisinants et la cohésion de toute la Bretagne. Mais à l’Ouest, la situation périphérique, péninsulaire, aux conséquences économiques notables, semble commencer à faire prendre conscience que la métropolisation doit s’inscrire davantage dans une démarche d’horizontalité que de verticalité. Brest ne pourra se développer seule mais en multipliant les collaborations !
Certes, la culture coopérative et la volonté de prendre en main son destin sont fortement ancrées dans notre histoire territoriale. L’empreinte du CELIB demeure prégnante sur le territoire et le fait que, des années plus tard, la Bretagne fut la première région de France entièrement couverte de Pays et reconnue pionnière dans le développement des coopérations intercommunales n’est pas fortuit.
Une métropolisation en réseau
Ainsi, bien que certains antagonismes demeurent, notamment entre la ville, siège de la Préfecture du Finistère et la Métropole brestoise, et privent parfois la Pointe de la Bretagne d’une pleine dynamique coopérative, de réelles initiatives existent et donnent corps à un début de stratégie concertée pour le développement ouest armoricain :
Ainsi, aujourd’hui diverses collaborations existent déjà (ententes inter-communautaires, contrat de réciprocité, coopérations durables, partage d’ingénierie…) entre la Métropole et des «villes moyennes» et leur communauté, telles Morlaix, Quimper, Carhaix, Lannion, Roscoff… laissant augurer d’une «métropolisation en réseau», qui tendrait à faire de la métropole le pivot et le garant d’un développement territorial équilibré à la pointe bretonne.
Bien des discours affichent également cette volonté de coopération, de développement de synergies territoriales… mais il n’en demeure pas moins vrai qu’ils doivent se transcrire durablement dans les faits.
Bâtir des “ponts”…
La mise en œuvre de la Stratégie Métropolitaine de Développement Économique se doit de participer à cette effectivité de coopération en évitant l’erreur majeure d’une vision bresto-centrée des enjeux et priorités. Et cela est vrai dans d’autres domaines, comme celui de la santé! Carhaix est là bien placé pour le savoir ! La poursuite de l’adage « ce qui est bon pour la Métropole l’est aussi pour les territoires qui l’entourent » ne saurait qu’affaiblir la dynamique collective engendrant une défiance… voire un réel antagonisme entre les territoires et à terme l’échec pour tous !
Car une métropolisation réussie reste avant tout la capacité à construire un cadre de vie non homogène mais cohérent, juste et équitable, qui dépasse les frontières administratives, qui fasse oublier les «querelles de chapelles», qui transcende les approches uniquement sectorielles, et appréhende de concert les nouveaux enjeux économiques, sociaux et environnementaux dont ne serait-ce que la dynamique de l’habitat est une criante illustration.
Si l’historien Georges Duby affirmait que «la ville est née des routes» , il est aujourd’hui notoire que la métropolisation dépendra de sa capacité à bâtir des «ponts» de communication (humains, économiques, technologiques) entre les différents points du territoire, garantissant à tous dans leur spécificité un juste développement…
Pour cela, la Bretagne se doit d’inventer un modèle qui tienne compte de ses spécificités territoriales. Cette innovation territoriale exige ouverture d’esprit et hauteur de vue, pour trouver de nouvelles synergies en interne et faire preuve d’innovations organisationnelles et institutionnelles comme cela est le cas ailleurs ! Pourquoi la pointe bretonne ne pourrait-elle pas devenir un modèle ?
Retrouver «l’esprit du Célib»
La récente publication par l’Agence d’Urbanisme de Brest de «l’Atlas de l’Ouest breton» illustre combien ce territoire péninsulaire fait déjà quelque peu «système»… et qu’un véritable projet de développement coopératif de l’Ouest breton serait possible !
Quel sera le chemin qu’empruntera la métropolisation de l’Ouest armoricain demain ?
Une réalité demeure: seul un développement pensé dans «l’esprit du Célib», c’est-à-dire de concert, réalisé en réseau, avec la recherche de complémentarités et le souci de solidarité, sera gage de cohésion territoriale. Il n’est pas vain de se souvenir de cette exhortation de René Pleven, en 1951, alors président du Célib : «On ne peut faire progresser la Bretagne que si tout le monde avance de front, en même temps» !
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