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La contrefaçon : un fléau… qui nous menace tous ! Regard d'Espérance
«C’est un véritable fléau… non seulement pour notre économie, mais aussi pour bien des Français qui en sont tout autant victimes… Car les risques sont réels et parfois même très graves. Il faut absolument informer sur ce phénomène et les dangers que représente ce travail de faussaires». Christian Peugeot, président de l’Union des Fabricants (UNIFAB) se veut plus que jamais vigilant, voire alarmiste, face à ce phénomène qui ne cesse de prendre de l’ampleur au niveau mondial et qui touche particulièrement la France !
Vêtements, cosmétiques, smartphones, pièces automobiles, jouets,… s’il est un secteur qui ne connaît pas la crise, c’est bien celui de la contrefaçon. Devenu une véritable industrie, ce trafic considéré trop souvent comme anodin, ne cesse d’accentuer ses ravages sur l’économie, mais mène aussi une œuvre insidieuse par beaucoup insoupçonnée !
En cette période de rentrée, nul doute que la vente de faux de toutes sortes, vêtements, cosmétiques, sacs, etc., va une nouvelle fois faire recette. Vendeurs à la sauvette, commerçants peu regardants et internet sachant faire miroiter les petits prix des «imitations», parfois plus vraies que nature. Il faut le reconnaître, pour ceux qui s’y adonnent, ce trafic est bien souvent lucratif. “Les contrefacteurs prennent moins de risque que les trafiquants de drogue, mais cette activité illicite peut leur rapporter bien plus…” explique un expert français de la Police Nationale.
500 milliards de chiffre d’affaires ! “Les profits tirés sont semblables à ceux du trafic de stupéfiants, de l’ordre de 10 euros récupérés pour 1 investi…” Pas étonnant, dès lors, que ces faussaires rivalisent d’inventivité… pour produire et écouler des faux en tous genres !
L’an dernier, sur notre territoire, ce sont ainsi 1,2 million de faux jeux vidéo, jouets et articles de sport, 1,1 million de vêtements qui ont été saisis !
La contrefaçon aujourd’hui prospère sur les piliers du «nouveau monde économique»: une mondialisation non maîtrisée, non régulée et un système de commercialisation façonné par internet, donc sans entrave ni réel juge !
Le commerce de produits contrefaits était, selon l’OCDE, en 2018, proche des 500 milliards d’euros dans le monde et son accroissement ces dernières années particulièrement fort au sein de l’Union Européenne, au point de représenter désormais près de 7% des importations. Mais ces chiffres sont d’autant plus inquiétants qu’ils ne prennent pas en compte les échanges intra-communautaires et surtout pas ceux qui proviennent d’internet !
Si cette activité n’est pas nouvelle, il est manifeste qu’elle s’est considérablement transformée au cours des années 90, avant de prendre un essor et des proportions extraordinaires avec le développement d’internet. La contrefaçon est ainsi devenue une véritable industrie qui possède une capacité d’investissements dans des technologies de pointe, des réseaux internationaux très structurés, des business plans, qui n’ont rien à envier aux plus grandes multinationales.
Les villes de la contrefaçon Il n’est plus rare de voir, dans des pays appelés «en voie de développement», des usines ultra-modernes fabriquer du faux, grâce à des moules valant 100000 euros pièce, sur des lignes de production coûtant 500000 à 1 million d’euros.
Qu’importe la somme investie, le retour sur investissement est souvent rapide car «l’activité» est particulièrement rentable : un jeu vidéo reproduit des milliers de fois coûte 0,20 euro la copie et peut être revendu plusieurs dizaines d’euros… Des copies de chaussures, telles les fameuses baskets Air max (120€ à 200€ chez les revendeurs officiels), même vendues par le faussaire de 4 à 7€ pièce, offriront une belle marge à tous les maillons de ce trafic !
Et que dire des vêtements de marque et autres produits hi-fi que les grossistes, voire des particuliers, peuvent acheter pour quelques dollars, en toute tranquillité (service d’expédition internationale compris !), dans les «hypermarchés officiels» de la contrefaçon que sont des villes comme Yiwu ou Guangzhou en Chine, produits contrefaits qui viendront approvisionner, via des reconditionnements en Albanie, en Ukraine, au Maroc…, des spots de revente directe aux consommateurs, comme les puces de Saint-Ouen, aux portes de Paris ou les plates-formes internet ayant «pignon sur web» !
Plus de 460 000 emplois perdus ! Hélas, derrière cette économie florissante, se cache un véritable fléau pour notre société… Car si d’aucuns n’y voient que leur intérêt personnel et l’opportunité de faire de «belles petites affaires», sans autres conséquences, la réalité est tout autre !
Sans nous étendre, bien que cela le mériterait ô combien, sur les conditions de travail inhumaines imposées aux millions de petites mains qui produisent ces contrefaçons, dans ces pays souvent gouvernés par des régimes où les droits de l’homme ne sont même pas une question… il importe de s’arrêter sur l’ampleur du phénomène et les conséquences d’un tel trafic dans nos pays.
À l’échelle européenne, la contrefaçon coûte chaque année 56 milliards. Plus de 460 000 emplois seraient directement perdus du fait de ces activités frauduleuses. La perte de recette fiscale dépasserait les 16,3 milliards, soit une somme comparable à celle consacrée chaque année à la cohésion des territoires en France !
Une récente enquête évaluait à quatre Français sur dix le nombre de nos concitoyens qui ont dernièrement acheté, sans le savoir, un produit contrefait. Une autre étude de l’Union Européenne (EUIPO) révélait dans le même temps que presque 2 contrefaçons sur 10 saisies dans le monde sont des produits qui usurpent une marque ou un brevet français !
Ainsi, le manque à gagner pour notre économie est estimé à 7 milliards, soit 105 euros par Français et par an! Certes, 8,4 millions de marchandises contrefaites ont été saisies par les douanes françaises l’an dernier…
Vers une tragédie sanitaire… Mais l’ampleur du phénomène est telle que désormais c’est une entreprise sur deux en France qui en est victime, avec une perte substantielle de chiffre d’affaires, de parts de marché, une réduction de la capacité d’investissements, sans parler de l’atteinte à l’image de marque.
Mais les méfaits de ce business du faux vont bien au-delà de la seule santé des entreprises… Les consommateurs sont tout aussi impactés, parfois plus ! Indirectement d’abord, au travers de la promotion d’un «modèle économique» qui pousse au «moins-disant» social et au non durable. Mais surtout directement, car comme le rappelait la dernière campagne d’alerte des Français sur la question, «les meilleurs plans n’en sont pas forcément» !
Ainsi, derrière la supposée bonne affaire, se cache souvent un produit de mauvaise qualité, vendu à un prix in fine excessif. L’obsolescence, programmée ou non, est vite au rendez-vous !
Mais plus graves sont les conséquences potentielles de contrefaçons, quand il s’agit de produits tels que des jouets ou des pièces détachées de voitures, voire d’avions et plus encore des médicaments ! C’est la sécurité, la santé et la vie même des consommateurs qui sont en danger.
«122 000 enfants morts en une année» ! Portables qui explosent, prises électriques qui prennent feu, accidents automobiles par milliers, mais aussi d’avions (plus de 166, ces 20 dernières années aux États-Unis !), jouets qui provoquent allergies, étouffements et intoxications chez des bébés… La liste des méfaits de la contrefaçon est longue et de plus en plus dramatique. Mais il est un domaine où l’alarme aux faux est plus qu’impérieuse : le médicament !
Selon l’OMS, «au moins 100 000 personnes meurent chaque année en Afrique à cause de faux médicaments». Une très sérieuse étude, parue dans l’American Journal of Tropical Medecine and Hygiene, révélait récemment que, durant la seule année 2013, 122 000 enfants de moins de cinq ans sont morts en Afrique subsaharienne après avoir pris des antipaludéens contrefaits.
“Or, depuis, le phénomène du faux médicament n’a cessé de prendre de l’ampleur. Le chiffre d’affaires généré par la contrefaçon de médicaments est estimé au minimum entre 10 et 15% du marché pharmaceutique mondial! L’attractivité financière est telle que de nombreuses organisations criminelles sont impliquées dans ce trafic”, explique Geoffroy Bessaud, directeur de la coordination anti-contrefaçon chez Sanofi. “Un investissement de 1000 dollars peut rapporter jusqu’à 500 000 dollars… le trafic des faux médicaments est un des principaux fléaux du vingt-et-unième siècle”.
«Un sujet pas assez porteur» ? Ces dernières années, plusieurs dizaines de laboratoires clandestins ont été démantelés, en Chine, en Indonésie, en Ukraine, en Albanie, en Pologne, etc. Mais désormais, les faux médicaments sont bien présents en Europe et en France, notamment par la vente en ligne sur des sites d’apparence très «propre» et sûre!
Quelques mesures de durcissement des sanctions et moyens de lutte contre la contrefaçon ont été prises ces dernières années au sein de l’UE… mais manifestement nos gouvernants ont en la matière une guerre de retard ! Le sujet ne serait-il pas assez… porteur ?
Nombre de spécialistes appellent à une mobilisation internationale. Mais, pour l’heure, rien de tangible… Pourtant les conséquences dramatiques de ce fléau désormais planétaire sont, elles, d’ores et déjà bien réelles !
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